Skip to main content

Hi,

 

Like so many others, I started with a Lionel train set as a kid. I then toyed with N and HO guage layouts 40+ years ago, but never got past the track stage due to military moves. I tried to get back into N guage 2 years ago with a new Bachmann steam set, but decided it was just to small for me these days. So this year I decided to try my hand at O guage.

 

Over the past several days I came up with the above 11'x11' layout design w/42" curves (except for 31" curves for the inside oval on the upper level). The Blue/Green benchwork will be a 1' square grid of 1x3's covered with 1"-2" foam. This is a 2-level layout that wll have to come apart 3 times a year so I'm looking to reduce weight. The 6x9 upper level with simply lift off and the lower level will split at the east/west axis where the blue/green grids meet making one section 6x11 and the other 5x11. To make construction simpler, the two sections will be built in two parts that will be bolted together (upper blue/green and lower green/blue). The lower right corner has a lead to an optional 1x12 dual-track storage yard that will double as a display shelf. The circle represents an access hatch, but there will be others under the upper level. The 1' square grid is probably overkill, but I figured it can't hurt since I don't plan on using a plywood base. Eventually this will all be torn apart and moved to a spare bedroom, and be unfolded to become an around-the-room layout.  The upper level would become a peninsula of sorts.

 

I do not enjoy switching and there is no particular theme I am trying to model. Scenery will probably be limited to desert-type landscape with faux buildings/mountains, probably not much more that murals around the upper level. I'm starting with RailKing's Christmas Steam Passenger Set w/DCS Proto-Sound 3.0 (http://www.mthtrains.com/content/30-4218-1) containing a 4-6-0 loco, tender and 3 passenger cars using RealTrax with 31" curves. Right now it's on a 4x8 sheet of 1/2" plywood just to get something running for Christmas and works for a simple oval. It will form the basis for the inside oval in the upper level. My goal is another steam and 2 diesels, and to be able to run 4 trains unattended using all tracks in both directions on the lower level and counter-clockwise on the upper level. When I convert this to around-the-room, I will get more into adding sidings and actual landscape. Until then, I think I've got enough switches, etc., to do as much switching as I want, even if I have to "pretend" some of the crossovers, etc., are sidings.

 

I'm expecting this to be a 3-year effort, mostly to obtain the track and rolling stock, and working around our travel schedule. First up is to build the benchwork, both levels. Next year I'll move the current oval to the inside oval on the upper level while I gradually obtain the tracks needed for the lower lever. I'll finish the lower level in 2014 and the rest of the upper in 2015.

 

I'm sure many of you are going to think this is too ambitious and access, particularly to some of the upper level tracks, is too limited. That is partly the reason for the multi-stage construction. I can remove the upper level for any major repairs and run it as an independent layout. I actually plan on the "legs" for the upper level to be adjust so I can raise the whole level for access to the lower level in the event of a major catastrophy and I even have some experience with layouts on pulley systems.

 

Okay, now for some questions I have:

 

Is the 1' grid with 2" of foam going to support things well enough? Would 1" foam be enough? I'm thinking 2" so I can cut out one layer for rivers/washes.

What is the best way to attach the track to the foam? Strategically placed double-sided tape? Long screws?

 

I like the RealTrax, but I'm concerned about things fitting exactly. I don't know how much flexibility there is to make the straight sections "connect".

 

I'm also concerned about cost. Is there a cheaper track I should consider? They make a converter track to link to standard track and I'm thinking of using those with some flextrack for the straight runs. I'm not even opposed to regular track right on the foam without a roadbed. I just want to run trains.  I like the RealTrax switches because the mechanism can be positioned on either side and they auto-switch if I forget, but they aren't cheap.

 

I know I'll have to upgrade the transformer and remote that came with the set and run power to multiple parts of the track. What special wiring is needed? With DCS, do I need to wire in breaks for the reverse loops or crossovers like I did for N and HO?

 

Thanks in advance for any comments and help.

Level 1

Attachments

Images (1)
  • Level 1
Original Post

Replies sorted oldest to newest

You are in the same situaition as me - just returned to the hobby after 35 years.  You'll get lots of good input here - I certainly have received it.

 

The track plan looks good and seems to accomplish what you described.  Since light weight is a factor, you may not need 1' squares - that will consume a lot of lumber and hence weight.  If you stick with 1', may get by with 1" Styrofoam or 1/2" ply + 1" Styro.

 

Don't know about the wiring and eagerly await to see other's input.

 

What is the switch for at the bottom right?

 

As to track costs, I found that GarGraves flex has a low per unit cost, but have to factor in time/costs for roadbed and construction.

 

Good luck and keep us posted!

Thanks Gregg. I think I'm going to try the 1' grid to see what I think. I'll build just the first of 4 bottom sections. That way I won't lose much if I decide to expand the grid and use 1/2" plywood for a base. You really think a larger grid pattern and plywood with be lighter than the 1' grid?
 
The switch at the bottom right is to access the 1x12 foot storage yard when I need to tear down the layout for Easter, Thanksgiving and Christmas.
 
I'll look into the GarGraves flex, but I don't think anyone sells it locally, though I'll look.
 
Originally Posted by Gregg Laiben:

You are in the same situaition as me - just returned to the hobby after 35 years.  You'll get lots of good input here - I certainly have received it.

 

The track plan looks good and seems to accomplish what you described.  Since light weight is a factor, you may not need 1' squares - that will consume a lot of lumber and hence weight.  If you stick with 1', may get by with 1" Styrofoam or 1/2" ply + 1" Styro.

 

Don't know about the wiring and eagerly await to see other's input.

 

What is the switch for at the bottom right?

 

As to track costs, I found that GarGraves flex has a low per unit cost, but have to factor in time/costs for roadbed and construction.

 

Good luck and keep us posted!

Well folks, guess I need to bump this to get more than Gregg's comment (very much appreciated). Surely someone sees the holes in my plans. Maybe I just didn't ask for feedback the right way or something.

 

Anyway, since the benchwork size is set, I started the grid benchwork today. I got all the notches done and tomorrow I'll drill 1/2" holes for wiring, then put things together.

Well I am no pro, your layout looks some what packed.  If you plan on taking down the layout several times a year you may get frustrated with it and you will not enjoy the trains. You could try a around the room layout built on 2' by 8' tables.  That will give you more room to reach over on the tables and a lot lighter to move.  Something I wished we would have done.  I built a 6 by 11 foot table on castors using your method with 1 by3 pine for frame work covered with 1 inch and 1-1/2 pink foam.  No plywood.  The 1 foot squares will hold your track and trains.  I do like your plan for your lower level(red line). Hope this helps, good luck and post some pics of your building process.  Here are a few shots of our beginning's about 2 years ago.  It is about finished now with a upper level so we can run a total of 3 engines at once conventional.  We also have 8 block sections to park engines that are not working.  Nick 

491

484

470

465

Attachments

Images (4)
  • 491
  • 484
  • 470
  • 465
Originally Posted by DoubleDAZ:

 

 

Okay, now for some questions I have:

 

Is the 1' grid with 2" of foam going to support things well enough? Would 1" foam be enough? I'm thinking 2" so I can cut out one layer for rivers/washes.

What is the best way to attach the track to the foam? Strategically placed double-sided tape? Long screws?

 

I like the RealTrax, but I'm concerned about things fitting exactly. I don't know how much flexibility there is to make the straight sections "connect".

 

I'm also concerned about cost. Is there a cheaper track I should consider? They make a converter track to link to standard track and I'm thinking of using those with some flextrack for the straight runs. I'm not even opposed to regular track right on the foam without a roadbed. I just want to run trains.  I like the RealTrax switches because the mechanism can be positioned on either side and they auto-switch if I forget, but they aren't cheap.

 

I know I'll have to upgrade the transformer and remote that came with the set and run power to multiple parts of the track. What special wiring is needed? With DCS, do I need to wire in breaks for the reverse loops or crossovers like I did for N and HO?

 

Thanks in advance for any comments and help.

 

To answer your questions:

1) Either thickness of foam is fine however, the thicker the foam, the more sceniking you can do.

 

2) RealTrax connect fine, however some have had issues with the connecting tabs breaking.   I'm not a fan of track with built-in roadbed.   I used Atlas track and switches which also have the non-derailing feature and you can put the switch mechanism on either side as well (though it's nowhere as easy as on the Real Trax switches). 

 

3) If you use RealTrax or any track with a built in roadbed there is no need to attach it to the foam.   Friction and weight will hold it in place.  If you use track without built in roadbed I recommend using a cork or vinylbed roadbed as it will look much nicer with a slope after ballasting.  The roadbed can just be glued to the cork and the track laid on top.  No need to secure the track---the glue from the ballast will take care of that.

 

4) With DCS there is no need for special wiring for reverse loops or crossovers and same for Legacy/TMCC.   Just follow the basic guidelines which come with the instructions.  I would recommend dividing each of your loops into blocks however in case of electrical issues - it will be easier to diagnose.

 

Best of luck!

 

==Greg

Thanks for the comments Nick. I know the layout looks a little busy when both levels are combined and I'm considering eliminating one of the loops in the top section.  However, the top doesn't separate, it just lifts off for overnight storage in the garage. The bottom level separates in half with only 4 straight sections of track to deal with. I'll find out how heavy each section is going to be over the next few days, but I'm expecting my wife and I will be able to move them okay. Buildings and such will be removable, so all we'll be left with is the basic layout.

 

I considered around the room, but the layout is going to cover the dining room table. I'm not too concerned about access to trains on the lower level. The top level will be added only after I see how the bottom level works. I may end up placing it in the adjoining living room with an extension to join them together. I am concerned about access to the top level and I guess I'll find out. All that will happen before I add any scenery. Since the track will eventually go in a spare bedroom, the most I'll be out is some 1x3s and foam if the top level doesn't work.

 

I like how you did your benchwork. I'm going to drill two 1/2" holes instead of one larger one to run wiring. And because I need to move mine, I extended the grid to completely fill the layout. Thanks for confirming the grid/foam will work. It looks like I could have gone with 24" spacing, so I might try removing some.

Last edited by DoubleDAZ
Originally Posted by Greg Houser:
To answer your questions:

1) Either thickness of foam is fine however, the thicker the foam, the more sceniking you can do.

 

2) RealTrax connect fine, however some have had issues with the connecting tabs breaking.   I'm not a fan of track with built-in roadbed.   I used Atlas track and switches which also have the non-derailing feature and you can put the switch mechanism on either side as well (though it's nowhere as easy as on the Real Trax switches). 

 

3) If you use RealTrax or any track with a built in roadbed there is no need to attach it to the foam.   Friction and weight will hold it in place.  If you use track without built in roadbed I recommend using a cork or vinylbed roadbed as it will look much nicer with a slope after ballasting.  The roadbed can just be glued to the cork and the track laid on top.  No need to secure the track---the glue from the ballast will take care of that.

 

4) With DCS there is no need for special wiring for reverse loops or crossovers and same for Legacy/TMCC.   Just follow the basic guidelines which come with the instructions.  I would recommend dividing each of your loops into blocks however in case of electrical issues - it will be easier to diagnose.

 

Best of luck!

 

==Greg

Hi Greg, thanks for taking the time to comment.

 

1. I'm pretty sure I'll start with two 1" layers of foam so I can have some desert washes, etc., and I'll build up other parts with more foam. I got the first section of gridwork almost done today. Got a late start due to some appointments.  Also, I'm pretty rusty on workworking, so that took extra time too, but I'll get there.

 

2.  So far my RealTrax is connecting fairly well, but I can see how tabs might break. I'll check out the Atlas track, but that means I'll have to do roadbeds and I'm not sure I want the extra work.

 

3. I'll need to attach some of it because the whole layout has to break down and I'll have to tip it a bit to get each section out the front door. Of course, I could fashion a temporary support system using clamps for transport. I suspect some long screws into the foam would be enough to get it in/out the door.

 

4. I'm thinking of separate blocks for each of the 4 ovals, 2 on the lower level and 2 on the upper level. The lower level blocks would be further split by the 2 sections giving me a total of 4 blocks on the lower level, 6 overall. Do you think separating the ovals by section will be enough separation for the 2 reverse loops? The optional shelf/yard would also be a separate block. I'm new to DCS, but I assume the tracks will all need to be powered by the same transformer if I want to be able to control all 4 trains from the same remote. I intend to purchase the MTH O 50-1001 DCS Remote Control Set and the MTH O 40-4000 Z-4000 Transformer. I'm assuming this will do what I want and power all 4 trains. I'm going to take the design to my LHS next week to get an idea of what added equipment I'll need to distribute power to the tracks and the 17 switches and whatever other powered accessories I add.

I think 4 separate blocks is plenty for a layout of your size.   Separating the reverse loops is overkill but that is just my opinion.   I do however recommend isolating one siding.   This will let you add/edit engines using the remote without interfering with any trains which might be running on the main.  

 

The Z-4000 is plenty of power however you could have all 4 loops powered by separate transformers and still use the same remote - they would just need to be fed into the same TIU (you can string multiple TIU's but you don't need to).  The user's guide which comes with DCS explains everything clearly.  

 

One thing I would recommend is wiring an 18v light bulb to the output terminals of the TIU or the input terminal of your terminal strip.  This is known as the "magic light bulb" and helps to improve signal strength. 

 

In every electrical circuit there are a couple of electronic parameters called ‘capacitance’ and inductance’. The combination of these two parameters establishes what is called the ‘impedance’ of an AC circuit. Too much of either one can cause problems by creating an ‘impedance mismatch’. The result is the circuit becomes less efficient and does not carry signals well.

 

The jumble of wires under the typical layout is a highly capacitive network with very little inductance, which creates an impedance mismatch. When the DCS signal is fed into this network it can weaken.  DCS users who improved the situation by adding light bulbs were unknowingly adding inductance to their wiring network, bringing the network back into a better impedance match.

 

An inductor is nothing more than a coil of wire. The filament of a light bulb is a tightly wound coil of wire that glows brightly when current is applied to it. Placing light bulbs into the wiring adds an inductance load to the network, canceling out some of the excess capacitance and setting up a better impedance match. This is why adding the lights improves the DCS signal propagation.

 

--Greg

Hi again Greg,

 

Just to clarfy, when you say 4 blocks, are you talking about the whole layout, upper and lower? If you are, then I assume that since the lower level separates near the halfway point, each half would be a block and each oval on the upper level would make up the other 2.

 

When it comes to blocking a siding, don't forget the add-on 1x12 storage yard that isn't pictured. That will be a separate block and should work for adding/editing engines, shouldn't it? Or do you think I need a more permanent one on the main layout. Once I add my 4 engines, how often would I need to edit, etc.? It wouldn't be difficult though to block one leg of the small storage yard inside the reversing loop. 

 

Thanks for the tip about the 18v light bulb.

 

When it comes to the electrical, I just got the train set and there wasn't much in the way of a user's guide explaining all the DCS stuff, basically just plug the stuff in and play. So, I'm a little lost as to what I'll need to initially set up and power just the inside loop-to-loop oval on the lower level. I guess I'm assuming the transformer that came with the set will be enough for my single engine. Once I get that much going, my plan is to work on adding the rest of the track for the lower level, upgrade the transformer/remote, then get a 2nd engine, etc.

Got the first section done, but I'm not satisfied with the white foam I had to buy because that's all Lowe's and HD sells here. I posted some questions in another thread about the foam and cutters:
https://ogrforum.com/d...02#11144471794680902

 

So far so good. I do realize I didn't give enough thought to how I'm going to support this 11x11 table layout. It seens obvious that some simlle legs are nit going to cut it. I'm thinking a series of 3-4 specially designed sawhorses of two 4'x8' table frames might do the trick.

Last edited by DoubleDAZ
Originally Posted by DoubleDAZ:

 

When it comes to blocking a siding, don't forget the add-on 1x12 storage yard that isn't pictured. That will be a separate block and should work for adding/editing engines, shouldn't it? Or do you think I need a more permanent one on the main layout. Once I add my 4 engines, how often would I need to edit, etc.? It wouldn't be difficult though to block one leg of the small storage yard inside the reversing loop. 

 

 

Yes - that will suffice as you described.   I can give you two recommendations going forward:

 

1) Buy Barry Broskowitz' book on DCS found here:

 

http://www.mthtrains.com/news/011

 

2) Buy Dennis Brennan's book on building a layout found here:

 

http://www.brennansmodelrr.com...x.php?categoryid=122

 

Both authors are forum members and both products are excellent for everyone from the beginner to the very experienced hobbyist.

 

--Greg

doubled,

Since I see you live in Peoria, I suggest you might want to attend one of the meetings of the Grand Canyon Model Railroad club.  They are very involved with operating trains and I am sure you'll meet some fellows who can help with your new layout.  Contact me from my profile and I'll send you contact info.

Originally Posted by Greg Houser:

Yes - that will suffice as you described.   I can give you two recommendations going forward:

 

1) Buy Barry Broskowitz' book on DCS found here:

 

http://www.mthtrains.com/news/011

 

2) Buy Dennis Brennan's book on building a layout found here:

 

http://www.brennansmodelrr.com...x.php?categoryid=122

 

Both authors are forum members and both products are excellent for everyone from the beginner to the very experienced hobbyist.

 

--Greg

Okay those are the areas I'll block then.

 

I have no problem buying the DCS book, but do I really need another layout book. I already have John Armstrong's Track Planning For Realistic Operation, Lynn Westcott's How To Build Model Railroad Benchwork and 101 Track Plans, and Robert Schleicher's The Model Railroading Handbook. Mind you, I don't mind buying the layout book, just not sure it has things the others don't to make it worthwhile.

A late reply on my part as well..some comments..One concern I would have is a somewhat difficult access to the middle portion of the layout in the event of derailments and troubleshooting switches, etc. Another is the amount of track, not from a "artistic" point of view, but the plan as it is replicates an issue I had which is that you might find that you have little room for accessories  or  buildings you may want to add. If I had to do it all over again, I would start with a simpler scheme and then add once you see how it works for you. It's easier to add than rebuild..as I had to.

You are not late at all, Russell, and I appreciate your time. My main motivation for doing this is to learn. The 11x11 is a given because it's the only space I've got at the moment and I want to at least start with a busy design and see what works and what doesn't, the track layout itself is flexible.
 
I just finished the first section of gridwork and the table to hold it. I'm finding that my 1' squares are overkill and I intend to go with conventional benchwork when I get my bedroom space. That means 1x4 grid with greater spacing and a minimum of 1/2" plywood for a sub-base.
 
I'm finding it difficult to glue large sheets of foam to that much gridwork. I have a 4x6 sheet setting up now and I don't know how well it's going to stick. I'm not sure I have enough weight on top of the whole thing. I'm using Gorilla Glue and I think that might be overkill too, but I'm not sure what glue works best.
 
I highly doubt I'll use RealTrax, mostly because I don't like the inflexibility. I'm not happy with the straight runs I have and I don't want to have to piece together a bunch of short tracks to get things to fit. I am going to do as you suggest and run without ballast until I get my permanent layout going. So, I'll be looking into ScaleTrax as well as GarGraves. I'm also going to attend the next club meeting here to get some input from them. I may also run up to see Peter's layout in Prescott. I have to admit though that my dealer had 3 ovals of RealTrax running on some kind of green carpeting and they were really quiet. I'll find out this weekend when I move my layout from the plywood sheet to the foam if there is a noise level difference or not.
 
I don't plan to do an real building on this layout, so I'm not worried about being "busy" from that perspective. I'd actually like to incorporate an over/under run with an elevated train. I should mention that I'm rethinking the entire upper level and may not even get that far before the move. That is really just designed to use the RealTrax I already have and I'm thinking of just a single elevated oval fo my Christmas train during the holdays. That way I could cut an access point in the center of the lower level.
 
I have some xperience with flextack from my N and HO days an that is what I really want to use. I bookmarked the link and will take a look at the clips later.
 
The layout will be DCS as that is what my set is. I know that the full DCS system offers a lot more control, sounds, etc. My dealer demo'd it for me and that is on my bucket list after I get a 2nd engine. I'm under the impression though that the Z-4000 will let me run 4 or more DCS trains. Is that not true? If not, what transformer should I be looking for? I'm not at the point yet where I need to do any wiring beyond my set. I have a pretty full schedule next year, so it will probably be late next year before I start laying new track. Once I return from our first trip in Jan/Feb I'll get Barry's book and start planning the wiring. I'm also going to work on my bedroom layout design and try to incorporate some of the ideas into this design as I move forward. I kind of figured it'd be pretty easy to just unfold most of my dual mains and reverse loops to form the basis for an around the wall layout in the bedroom. that way I'm buying tacks that will get reused during the move.


Thanks again for commenting, lots of useful info there.

Originally Posted by electroliner:

A late reply on my part as well..some comments..One concern I would have is a somewhat difficult access to the middle portion of the layout in the event of derailments and troubleshooting switches, etc. Another is the amount of track, not from a "artistic" point of view, but the plan as it is replicates an issue I had which is that you might find that you have little room for accessories  or  buildings you may want to add. If I had to do it all over again, I would start with a simpler scheme and then add once you see how it works for you. It's easier to add than rebuild..as I had to.

Like I told Russell, this is more of a test layout to learn things before I tackle the permanent bedroom layout in a few years. I don't plan on doing any building other than maybe some cardboard mockups, etc. I do plan to cut an access hatch, so access is not a concern. I didn't add it to the plan because I'm not sure what I'm really going to do with the upper level. I really don't even want an upper level, I just want some elevated track and my bedroom layout will include a grade along the wall. I do like to be able to run a single train through the entire layout, so I take a lot of liberties with reversing loops and crossovers. Maybe I'll grow out of that as I get further along. I do see I need to give more thought to my final bedroom layout before I start buying too many standard track sections and switches. I mainly wanted as much track as I could fit in so I can see what works and what doesn't. I'm also not really satisfied with 42" curves either, but the 4 engines I have in mind shouldn't be a problem. I'm not getting into this to get a huge engine. My 4-6-0 steam is probably as big as I'll get. My other steam will probably be 4-4-0 General or a 2-8-2 Mikado.

 

Thanks for commenting.

Well, I've got the first section done. I've decided I'm going to forego most landscaping on this temporary layout and use just a single layer of foam for now.  I'm going to paint it desert brown and then begin buying track when we get back home in late February. I'm still researching track, but there is little doubt I won't be using the RealTrax because, like so many have said, it's pretty loud and I can't imagine trying to run 4 trains together. The roadbed is definitely an echo chamber and the foam is worse than the 1/2" plywood it was on. I'll be honest, that surprised me. The train was extremely quiet in the LHS, so I need to see what they used for a base, though I think it's some kind of carpet. Based on this, I have a feeling I'm going to be using cork roadbed with ScaleTrax for my final bedroom layout. That's okay though because it's still cheaper and I can do more with the flextrack.

I'm also just going to use my design as a template and play around with actual track to try out different ideas for the around-the-wall bedroom layout. I'm having a little trouble imaging a layout with scenery on paper, so I'm going to modify things as I go. I'll plan on the computer, then test fit sections, etc.

One thing I have found so far is that my idea of breaking the layout in half looks like it will work just fine. Yes, it's heavy, but my wife Train BWqave been able to move it around so far without much difficulty. Fortunately, it's by the large front door and we have a furniture dolly.

Anyway, here are a couple of photos of progress so far..

Train BW1

Train BW2

Attachments

Images (2)
  • Train BW1
  • Train BW2
Last edited by DoubleDAZ
So, I decided to kludge together a little Christmas oval with what I've finished so far. I'll be using our "It's A Wonderful Life" collection in the middle on 2 levels. I put a drop cloth under the RealTrax and added some white batting under the buildings. I need to get some more tomorrow and then position what accessories we have. It won't be much, but it will be in the spirit of the season.

Anyway, my real reason for posting is that I am amazed at the difference in sound simply adding the drop cloth made. I'm still going to switch to ScaleTrax. I just hope the turnouts are better than the one I bought with the set. It's only been 3 weeks and it's already stopped working. It was finicky on one side, so I've been using it on the other side, but now it refuses to work on either side. I can plug it in, but as soon as I hit the remote, it switches and then stops, light goes out and that's it. I'm taking it back tomorrow to see if the LHS can tell me what's wrong with it, but I suspect I'm out the cost. It worked fine on the one side until I moved the track off the sheet of plywood onto the foam.
Turned out the turnout was shorting at the frog. Backed off the 2 rails there and all is well. Finished my crude Bedford Falls village, but it's not good enough to post a photo. I did buy the remaining 2 cars (dining &  baggage) in the Christmas set. Maybe someone would be kind enough to tell me the way that is typically configured. I have the baggage car behind the tender followed by the dining care and the 3 passenger cars.
Post
The Track Planning and Layout Design Forum is sponsored by

AN OGR FORUM CHARTER SPONSOR

OGR Publishing, Inc., 1310 Eastside Centre Ct, Ste 6, Mountain Home, AR 72653
800-980-OGRR (6477)
www.ogaugerr.com

×
×
×
×
Link copied to your clipboard.
×
×