Dominic:
This is definitely a diversion from the original topic but; your forced open access comment needs to be addressed.
The US railroads along with the AAR have billed the competitive switching proposal currently before the STB as "forced access". Nothing could be further from the truth.
What shippers are asking for is economic access to a second railroad so long as there is or could be a working interchange nearby. In other words; the carrier physically serving the plant would continue to do so and would be compensated for that service. The serving carrier would be paid to move the cars to the nearby interchange with the competing carrier. The shipper would then have the option of using the competing carrier for the line haul.
Under current regulations; a railroad that physically serves a shipper's plant site can refuse to quote a rate that would enable the shipper to move traffic to the second carrier at any interchange point other than the one the serving carrier wishes to use. Competitive switching is intended to address that by requiring the serving railroad to provide the shipper a rate to the nearest interchange with the competing carrier.
This is as much an efficiency issue as economic one. By way of example; the company I work for has a production site captive to NS in the Mobile area. This particular site ships to destinations on BNSF in Texas and the Pacific Northwest. The most efficient means of handling these shipments would be to hand them to BNSF in Mobile yet NS refuses to allow that to happen. Rather; shipments are moved via NS back north to Birmingham thence to gateways such as New Orleans, Memphis or Kansas City. This adds days to the transit time and increases our cost of doing business.
Economic access has been in use in Canada since the mid-1980's under the form of inter-switching. It has actually resulted in the Canadian railroads having a superior operational and economic performance than US railroads who have insisted on maintaining status quo.
Curt