I believe the Hudson Line is good for 110mph. They didn't mention which side of Albany the incident occurred at.
Passenger coaches have locking cut levers. One needs to lift the bar vertically before lifting the cut lever handle to uncouple. Freight cars usually don't have them. They just rely on the cut lever's weight to keep them down.
Failure could have happened due to worn coupler parts, mainly the inside mechanism that holds the knuckle shut. I doubt it was a "broken" knuckle but rather a failed coupler. Separations at speed are rare, but not unheard of. Sometimes the knuckle will close and the pin will "drop" but the internals don't lock in place. It could have been a "sticky" knuckle, possibly due to the cold temperatures in the area at the time.
On passenger equipment, during a emergency rate brake application, the PCS removes power immediately while on freight engines the PSC is delayed in order to allow the engines to get a safe distance from the train before stopping or as LAMING said, to keep the slack from running into the head end and potentially causing a derailment during a undesired quick action or "kicker".
The coaches which separated from the Amtrak train definitely stopped quicker, otherwise they would have struck the stopped portion of the train ahead. The locomotive, with one coach would definitely travel further in "emergency" before stopping, mainly due to its weight.
Tom