There is no correlation, and it would depend on line voltage if there was one.
Additionally, even with a meter(except for a true RMS VOM), you won't get an accurate 10 volt reading due to the pulse width modulation scheme of the CW to regulate train speed.
The Bob Nelson CW voltage deciphering chart for use with Harbor Freight & similar meters:
The RMS voltage should be 18 volts; but your meter should read a little more than 15 volts. Here is a chart for converting meter readings to RMS voltage:
Meter RMS
0 0
0.5 1.6
1 2.7
1.5 3.7
2 4.6
2.5 5.4
3 6.1
3.5 6.9
4 7.5
4.5 8.2
5 8.8
5.5 9.5
6 10
6.5 10.6
7 11.2
7.5 11.7
8 12.2
8.5 12.7
9 13.2
9.5 13.7
10 14.1
10.5 14.6
11 15
11.5 15.4
12 15.8
12.5 16.2
13 16.6
13.5 16.9
14 17.3
14.5 17.6
15 17.9
15.5 18.2
16 18.5
16.5 18.8
17 19
17.5 19.3
18 19.5
18.5 19.7
19 19.8
19.5 19.9
20 20
One problem is that your meter is designed to measure sine-wave AC voltage, which is not what the CW80 puts out. Nevertheless, a reading of 12 volts should mean that your actual RMS voltage is around 16 volts; so something else may be wrong. Are you giving the CW80 the full 120 volts that it probably expects? American power-line ("mains") voltage is often archaicly described as 110 volts, but hasn't been that low for over half a century. Your meter might also be a little off, which could explain some of the missing 2 volts.