If you are curious about the trip times of the classic Lionel transformers, the 5D testing documents have a nice chart to reference and shows you what posts to short out (nothing else connected to the transformer) and what the acceptable time to break is:
However, any transformer/layout should have multiple circuits with properly sized breakers/fuses and TVS diode protection. These in combination protect against both over current and over voltage situations on our railroads. There are many threads on the subject available via the search function:
https://ogrforum.com/...agination.sort=SCORE