I agree with Wengr's comment--mechanical decoupling of the track to the plywood top is important. This means it will matter a great deal how the track is mechanically held down. If it is rigidly screwed through your insulating material and down into the wood, you'll probably be defeating much of the sound deadening property of your foam. Of course, this is a catch-22, because you do have to hold the track down somehow!
The last layout I built used cork roadbed on plywood, then underneath the table, I applied a number of big squares of a limp adhesive rubberized product used to line the interior of car doors--it's sold as a car hi-fi acoustical product. I didn't do measurements, but it was much quieter than a non-treated plywood layout of the same size which was set up right next to it.
When I had tubular track, I found that product that looks like railroad ties made of rubber which you slip in between the black metal "ties." It looks good and made the tubular track a lot quieter.
Originally Posted by Wengr:
I do not have any experience in trying to reduce noise from trains. I do however think a lot about how I can transfer some of my experience with sound control in recording studio construction into effective choices for my future layout. It seems to me that the noise of trains on a plywood table can be exacerbated in two possible ways:
1 Reflection- meaning the sound is bouncing off off the smooth tabletop, as opposed to being absorbed by it. As this situation is usually controlled by acoustical insulation, I have no idea how it can be helped with a train layout.
2 Transference - The plywood table top, is really similar to the construction of an acoustic guitar top. It's a thin piece of wood set over bracing. I don't doubt that in some instances you can transfer enough energy into the table top to get it vibrating, whereby it acts like a diaphragm and amplifies the noise. This problem of course can be solved in two ways. Decoupling of the track and table with effective roadbed, or by making a firmer top which is more vibration resistant.