The pitch of the whistle is dependent on the steam pressure. We don't run the 765 right at 245 psi all the time. There are times when we don't need maximum pressure and we'll fire at a somewhat lower pressure.
The difference in sound and pitch between 220 psi and 245 psi is significant.
Thank you for answering a question I have always wondered about., Rich. I often suspected that excursion engines might be operated at lower than designed pressure, considering that they are not always loaded down to their full tonnage rating. I couldn't see 765 needing anywhere near all of her power to run 40 MPH along a moderately graded stretch of line with 15 - 20 passenger cars, let alone articulateds like 3985 and 1218.
I sure don't know how the Fort Wayne group does it anymore, but EVERY steam locomotive I've ever fired, we were taught to fire it within 2 pounds of the maximum working pressure, when working, regardless of the load. Thus, locomotives such as 4449 and 844 and 3985 are fired as close to 300 psi as possible (280 psi for 3985).
How does operating at a lower pressure effect overall efficiency?
Reduces efficiency, thus generally more water and fuel are used unnecessarily.
I once read an article about a British visitor riding the "footplate" of a New York Central Niagara in regular passenger service and he related that at no time during his ride, except on a sustained, albeit mild uphill section, did the boiler pressure approach the 285 lbs design pressure. During the majority of his run over an entire division the pressure averaged about 245 lbs.
Then the Fireman was NOT doing his job properly.
This was the only time I read of such practice in the days of regular steam operations, although it seems to make sense. On one of Herron Rails tapes a Niagara is seen pulling a single car on a branch line. It would seem to me to be a huge waste of fuel to fire the engine to keep the pressure up to 285 for such a run.
Nope.
The only other reference I ever came across referencing operating an engine on lower-than-design pressure was when moving about an engine terminal on "house" steam.
True. The other times, in the "modern era" would be when the locomotive is on display, then we keep the boiler pressure about 20 psi below max.
Something else to consider with "changing" boiler pressures during operations, is the changes in stresses on the firebox and other portions of the pressure vessel. It is much easier on the steel of the boiler/firebox to maintaining a constant, steady boiler pressure, no matter what the locomotive Engineer does. Remember that a steam locomotive is essentially a "heat machine", and maintaining proper & constant boiler pressure insures that the heat going into the valves/cylinders is always at its maximum temperature and efficiency. Of course that is based on the Engineer knowing how to PROPERLY set the valve cut-off based on the throttle setting.