Two factors determine CTC: clearance for locos and rolling stock, and CTC for switches used for a crossover.
When the RailKing Big Boy with its big overhangs came out, I determined that 5.5" CTC was a minimum spacing for tubular curves O31 and O42 for clearance with my gear. YMMV with long passenger cars underhanging on a curve passing the engine.
Lionel FasTrack uses a 6" spacing for O72 crossover switches.
Lionel's tubular O22 switches mate for an 8.5" CTC spacing.
My modular club originally used the 8.5" spacing but later added a third track so now 4.25" CTC is current. Our corners are O72 minimum. When we first added the third track, we ran traditional-sized trains on the middle rail. We found that by staggering the position of the first curve track (a crude easement), a bit extra clearance is provided so most scale locos and rolling stock can run on the inner and middle tracks.
Ross and Gargrave switches allow closer CTC spacing. This thread discusses Ross #4 yard track spacing (3.5" CTC). 3.5" is fine for yards, anything less is tight for 0-5-0 switching.
Download an evaluation copy of track planning software (Scarm, Anyrail, RailModeller) to see what CTC stock switches require.