Unless they are retroactively legislated out of existence, we should be seeing EMD two-strokes for the at least the next thirty years or so, probably longer than I will be on this earth. Railroads are still taking delivery of Tier IV credit units , so even on the short end of the stick, figure 15-20 more years. Nobody has yet to make a better locomotive prime mover, only arbitrary EPA policy has hindered them going much farther forward. The transition to EMD four stroke power is not one ANYBODY who actually buys and uses these engines wanted to make, they were forced into it, so unless there is some unforeseen big increase in power or efficiency in our future, I suspect railroads will ride the 645 and 710 pony as long as they possibly can.