Most steam engines in Canada didn't have speedometers and the engineers would count the telegraph poles in say "10 seconds". They had a formula worked out to give the actual speed . There are 40 telegraph poles to the mile with mileage signs at least every mile which start at the initial terminal for that subdivision... In CTC the signal numbers on the mask are also the mileage numbers.
I can't remember the formula. 40 poles in 60 seconds would be equal to sixty miles per hour.
Number of poles in ten seconds x( what's the fraction??) = miles per hour Would you believe as a kid I knew but can't figure it out now.